High kutentha aloyi amatchedwanso kutentha mphamvu aloyi. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka matrix, zida zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: chitsulo chopangidwa ndi nickel-based ndi chromium. Malinga ndi njira yopanga, imatha kugawidwa kukhala yopunduka ya superalloy ndi superalloy.
Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazamlengalenga. Ndiwofunika kwambiri pagawo lotentha kwambiri lazamlengalenga komanso makina opanga ndege. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga chipinda choyaka moto, tsamba la turbine, tsamba lowongolera, kompresa ndi turbine disk, turbine kesi ndi magawo ena. Kutentha kwautumiki ndi 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Kupsyinjika ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zimasiyana ndi zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali zofunikira zokhwima zamakina, thupi ndi mankhwala a aloyi. Ndilo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchita, kudalirika komanso moyo wa injini. Chifukwa chake, superalloy ndi imodzi mwama projekiti ofunikira pakufufuza zakuthambo ndi chitetezo cha dziko m'maiko otukuka.
Ntchito zazikulu za superalloys ndi:
1. High kutentha aloyi kwa kuyaka chipinda
Chipinda choyaka (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti malawi a malawi) cha injini ya turbine ya ndege ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakutentha kwambiri. Popeza mafuta atomization, mafuta ndi gasi kusakaniza ndi njira zina ikuchitika mu chipinda kuyaka, kutentha pazipita mu chipinda kuyaka akhoza kufika 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, ndi kutentha khoma mu chipinda kuyaka kufika 1100 ℃. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imakhala ndi nkhawa yamafuta komanso kupsinjika kwa gasi. Ma injini ambiri omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero chokwera kwambiri / kulemera kwake amagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zoyaka moto, zomwe zimakhala ndi utali wautali komanso kutentha kwakukulu. Kutentha kwakukulu mu chipinda choyaka moto kumafika 2000 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa khoma kumafika 1150 ℃ pambuyo pa filimu ya gasi kapena kuzizira kwa nthunzi. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana kudzapanga kupsinjika kwa kutentha, komwe kudzakwera ndi kugwa kwambiri pamene dziko logwira ntchito likusintha. Zinthuzo zidzakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kutopa kwamafuta, ndipo padzakhala kusokoneza, ming'alu ndi zolakwika zina. Nthawi zambiri, chipinda choyaka chimapangidwa ndi aloyi, ndipo zofunikira zaukadaulo zimafotokozedwa mwachidule motere malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi magawo ena: zimakhala ndi kukana kwa okosijeni komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri la gasi pansi pamikhalidwe yogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ndi mpweya wotentha kwambiri; Imakhala ndi mphamvu zina zanthawi yomweyo komanso zopirira, kutopa kwamafuta komanso kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kochepa; Ili ndi pulasitiki yokwanira komanso yowotcherera kuti iwonetsetse kukonza, kupanga ndi kulumikizana; Lili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa bungwe pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka kutentha kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito modalirika mkati mwa moyo wautumiki.
a. MA956 aloyi porous laminate
Poyamba, porous laminate anapangidwa ndi HS-188 aloyi pepala ndi diffusion bonding pambuyo kujambula, zokhazikika, grooved ndi kukhomerera. Chosanjikiza chamkati chikhoza kupangidwa kukhala njira yabwino yozizira molingana ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe. Kuziziritsa kwanyumbaku kumangofunika 30% ya mpweya woziziritsa wa kuzirala kwa filimu yachikhalidwe, yomwe imatha kuwongolera kutentha kwa injini, kuchepetsa kutentha kwenikweni kwa zinthu zachipinda choyaka, kuchepetsa kulemera, ndikuwonjezera kulemera. chiŵerengero. Pakalipano, ndikofunikabe kuthyola tekinoloje yofunikira isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. The porous laminate zopangidwa MA956 ndi m'badwo watsopano wa zinthu kuyaka chipinda anayambitsa United States, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa 1300 ℃.
b. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma composites a ceramic muchipinda choyaka moto
Dziko la United States layamba kutsimikizira kuti n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira magetsi opangira gasi kuyambira 1971. Mu 1983, magulu ena omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yokonza zipangizo zamakono ku United States apanga zizindikiro zosonyeza ntchito za makina a gasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege zapamwamba. Zizindikiro izi ndi: kuonjezera chopangira cholowera kutentha kutentha kwa 2200 ℃; Ntchito pansi kuyaka boma mawerengedwe mankhwala; Chepetsani kachulukidwe kogwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawozi kuchokera ku 8g/cm3 mpaka 5g/cm3; Letsani kuziziritsa kwa zigawo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikirazi, zipangizo zomwe zimaphunziridwa zimaphatikizapo graphite, matrix azitsulo, ma ceramic matrix composites ndi intermetallic compounds kuwonjezera pazitsulo zagawo limodzi. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) ali ndi zotsatirazi:
Kukula kwazinthu za ceramic ndizocheperako kuposa za aloyi opangidwa ndi faifi tambala, ndipo zokutira ndizosavuta kupukuta. Kupanga zida za ceramic zokhala ndi zitsulo zapakatikati zomveka zimatha kuthana ndi vuto la kuphulika, komwe ndi njira yopangira zida zoyaka moto. Zinthuzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mpweya wozizira wa 10% - 20%, ndipo kutentha kwachitsulo chakumbuyo kwachitsulo kumakhala pafupifupi 800 ℃, ndipo kutentha komwe kumatengera kutentha kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kuzizira kosiyanasiyana komanso kuzizira kwamafilimu. Ma matailosi oteteza a superalloy B1900+ amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini ya V2500, ndipo njira yachitukuko ndikusintha matailosi a B1900 (wokhala ndi zokutira za ceramic) ndi gulu la SiC-based kapena anti-oxidation C/C composite. Ceramic masanjidwewo gulu ndi zinthu chitukuko cha injini kuyaka chipinda ndi thrust kulemera chiŵerengero cha 15-20, ndi kutentha ntchito yake ndi 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chubu lamoto, khoma loyandama komanso chowotcha.
2. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa alloy kwa turbine
Tsamba la turbine ya Aero-injini ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimanyamula kutentha kwambiri komanso malo oyipa kwambiri ogwirira ntchito mu injini ya aero. Iyenera kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu komanso kovuta kwambiri pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, kotero kuti zofunikira zake zakuthupi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Ma superalloys a masamba a turbine aero-injini amagawidwa kukhala:
a. High kutentha aloyi kwa kalozera
Deflector ndi imodzi mwamagawo a injini ya turbine yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Pamene kuyaka kosafanana kumachitika m'chipinda choyaka, kutentha kwa gawo loyamba la kalozera kavalo kumakhala kwakukulu, chomwe ndicho chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa chowongolera. Kutentha kwake kwautumiki ndi pafupifupi 100 ℃ pamwamba kuposa kwa tsamba la turbine. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti magawo osasunthika sakhala ndi katundu wamakina. Nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zosavuta kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwamafuta, kupotoza, kutopa kwamafuta ndikuwotcha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwachangu kwa kutentha. The guide vane alloy adzakhala ndi zotsatirazi: mphamvu yokwanira yotentha kwambiri, kuyendayenda kosatha komanso kutopa kwabwino kwa kutentha, kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, kupanikizika kwamafuta ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, mphamvu yopindika yopindika, njira yabwino yoponyera ntchito ndikuwotcherera, ndi ntchito yoteteza chitetezo.
Pakali pano, injini zapamwamba kwambiri zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha thrust / kulemera kwake zimagwiritsa ntchito masamba oponyedwa opanda kanthu, ndipo ma superalloy opangidwa ndi faifi tambala amodzi amasankhidwa. Injini yokhala ndi chiwongolero chokwera kwambiri imakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ ndipo imayenera kutetezedwa ndi zokutira zamafuta. Kutentha kwa ntchito ya aloyi ya tsamba pansi pa kuziziritsa ndi kutetezedwa kwa zokutira kumapitilira 1100 ℃, zomwe zimapatsa zofunikira zatsopano komanso zapamwamba pamtengo wa kutentha kwa zinthu zowongolera mtsogolo.
b. Superalloys kwa masamba a turbine
Ma turbine blade ndiye mbali zazikuluzikulu zonyamula kutentha za injini za aero. Kutentha kwawo ndi 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ kutsika kuposa masamba owongolera. Amakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwapakati, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, kupsinjika kwamafuta, kusefukira kwa mpweya ndi zina pozungulira, ndipo malo ogwirira ntchito ndi osauka. Moyo wautumiki wa zigawo zotentha za injini zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba / kulemera kwake ndizoposa 2000h. Choncho, turbine tsamba aloyi adzakhala ndi mkulu kukwawa kukana ndi kuphulika mphamvu pa kutentha utumiki, zabwino mkulu ndi sing'anga kutentha mabuku katundu, monga mkulu ndi otsika mkombero kutopa, kuzizira ndi kutentha kutopa, pulasitiki okwanira ndi kulimba mtima, ndi notch tilinazo; High makutidwe ndi okosijeni kukana ndi dzimbiri kukana; Good matenthedwe madutsidwe ndi otsika coefficient kukula liniya; Kuchita bwino kwa njira yopangira; Kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali, palibe mpweya wa gawo la TCP pa kutentha kwautumiki. Aloyi yogwiritsidwa ntchito imadutsa magawo anayi; Ntchito zopunduka za aloyi zikuphatikiza GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, ndi zina; The ntchito kuponya aloyi zikuphatikizapo K403, K417, K418, K405, directionally solidified golide DZ4, DZ22, single galasi aloyi DD3, DD8, PW1484, etc. Pakali pano, izo zapanga kwa m'badwo wachitatu wa aloyi limodzi galasi. Chigawo chimodzi cha crystal crystal alloy DD3 ndi DD8 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatana m'ma injini aku China, ma turbofan, ma helikoputala ndi mainjini oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi.
3. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa alloy kwa turbine disk
Ma turbine disk ndiye gawo lopindika kwambiri la injini ya turbine. Kutentha kwa gudumu la injini ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa 8 ndi 10 kufika 650 ℃ ndi 750 ℃, ndi kutentha kwapakati pa gudumu ndi za 300 ℃, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha. Panthawi yozungulira bwino, imayendetsa tsambalo kuti lizizungulira mwachangu komanso limakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yapakati, kupsinjika kwamafuta ndi kupsinjika kwa vibration. Kuyamba kulikonse ndi kuyimitsidwa ndi kuzungulira, pakati pa magudumu. Pakhosi, pansi ndi m'mphepete mwake zonse zimakhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Aloyiyo imafunika kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu zokolola kwambiri, kulimba kwamphamvu komanso kusamva kwa notch pa kutentha kwautumiki; Mzere wocheperako wowonjezera wocheperako; Zina makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kukana dzimbiri; Kuchita bwino kwa kudula.
4. Azamlengalenga superalloy
The superalloy mu madzi roketi injini ntchito ngati mafuta jekeseni gulu la kuyaka chipinda mu thrust chipinda; Turbine mpope chigongono, flange, graphite chiwongolero chomangira, etc. High kutentha aloyi mu madzi roketi injini ntchito ngati mafuta chipinda jekeseni gulu mu thrust chipinda; Turbine mpope chigongono, flange, graphite chiwongolero chomangira, etc. GH4169 ntchito monga cholumikizira chozungulira chozungulira, kutsinde, kutsinde manja, chomangira ndi mbali zina zofunika kubala.
Zida za turbine rotor za injini ya roketi yamadzi yaku America makamaka zimaphatikizapo chitoliro cholowetsa, tsamba la turbine ndi disk. Aloyi ya GH1131 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China, ndipo tsamba la turbine limadalira kutentha kwa ntchito. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy ndi Mar-M246 ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana; Zida zama gudumu zimaphatikizapo Inconel 718, Waspaloy, etc. GH4169 ndi GH4141 ma turbine ofunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo GH2038A imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati shaft injini.