Aloyi wotentha kwambiri amatchedwanso aloyi wamphamvu kutentha. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka matrix, zipangizo zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: ozikidwa pa nickel ndi chromium. Malinga ndi njira yopangira, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: superalloy yosinthika ndi superalloy yopangidwa.
Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zamlengalenga. Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa gawo lotentha kwambiri la injini zopangira zinthu zamlengalenga ndi ndege. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga chipinda choyaka moto, tsamba la turbine, tsamba lotsogolera, compressor ndi turbine disk, turbine case ndi zina. Kutentha kwa ntchito ndi 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Kupsinjika ndi mikhalidwe yachilengedwe zimasiyana malinga ndi zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali zofunikira kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka makina, thupi ndi mankhwala a alloy. Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, kudalirika, ndi moyo wa injini. Chifukwa chake, superalloy ndi imodzi mwamapulojekiti ofunikira ofufuza m'magawo a ndege ndi chitetezo cha dziko m'maiko otukuka.
Ntchito zazikulu za ma superalloys ndi:
1. Kutentha kwambiri kwa chipinda choyaka moto
Chipinda choyaka moto (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chubu cha moto) cha injini ya turbine ya ndege ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kutentha kwambiri. Popeza mafuta a atomization, kusakaniza mafuta ndi gasi ndi njira zina zimachitika mu chipinda choyaka moto, kutentha kwakukulu mu chipinda choyaka moto kumatha kufika 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa khoma mu chipinda choyaka moto kumatha kufika 1100 ℃. Nthawi yomweyo, chimakumananso ndi kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwa mpweya. Ma injini ambiri okhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha thrust/weight amagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zoyaka moto za annular, zomwe zimakhala zazifupi komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kutentha kwakukulu mu chipinda choyaka moto kumafika 2000 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa khoma kumafika 1150 ℃ pambuyo pa filimu ya gasi kapena kuzizira kwa nthunzi. Kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana kumabweretsa kupsinjika kwa kutentha, komwe kudzakwera ndikutsika kwambiri pamene ntchito ikusintha. Zinthuzo zidzakhudzidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa kutentha ndi kutopa kwa kutentha, ndipo padzakhala kupotoka, ming'alu ndi zolakwika zina. Kawirikawiri, chipinda choyaka chimapangidwa ndi pepala la aloyi, ndipo zofunikira zaukadaulo zimafotokozedwa motere malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili pa ntchito yake: chili ndi kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ndi mpweya wotentha kwambiri; Chili ndi mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yopirira nthawi yomweyo, kutopa kwa kutentha komanso kukulitsa kochepa; Chili ndi pulasitiki yokwanira komanso mphamvu yolumikizira kuti chitsimikizire kukonza, kupanga ndi kulumikizana; Chili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa dongosolo pansi pa kutentha kuti chitsimikizire kuti chikugwira ntchito modalirika mkati mwa nthawi yogwira ntchito.
a. MA956 alloy porous laminate
Poyamba, laminate yokhala ndi mapovu inapangidwa ndi pepala la HS-188 alloy pogwiritsa ntchito kufalikira kwa ma diffusion bonding pambuyo pojambulidwa, kudulidwa, kudulidwa ndi kubowoledwa. Gawo lamkati lingapangidwe kukhala njira yabwino yoziziritsira malinga ndi zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake. Kuziziritsa kwa kapangidwe kameneka kumafunikira 30% yokha ya mpweya woziziritsira wa kuziziritsira kwa filimu yachikhalidwe, zomwe zingathandize kuyendetsa bwino kutentha kwa injini, kuchepetsa mphamvu yeniyeni yonyamula kutentha kwa zinthu zoyaka, kuchepetsa kulemera, ndikuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha thrust-weight. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikirabe kudutsa ukadaulo wofunikira musanagwiritse ntchito. Laminate yokhala ndi mapovu yopangidwa ndi MA956 ndi mbadwo watsopano wa zinthu zoyaka zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi United States, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa 1300 ℃.
b. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi ceramic mu chipinda choyaka moto
Dziko la United States layamba kutsimikizira kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zida zadothi pa ma turbine a gasi kuyambira mu 1971. Mu 1983, magulu ena omwe akuchita nawo chitukuko cha zipangizo zamakono ku United States apanga zizindikiro zingapo za magwiridwe antchito a ma turbine a gasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege zamakono. Zizindikiro izi ndi izi: kuwonjezera kutentha kwa turbine yolowera kufika pa 2200 ℃; Kugwira ntchito pansi pa kuwerengera kwa mankhwala; Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawozi kuyambira 8g/cm3 mpaka 5g/cm3; Kuletsa kuziziritsa kwa zigawo. Kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira izi, zipangizo zomwe zaphunziridwa zikuphatikizapo graphite, metal matrix, ceramic matrix composites ndi intermetallic compounds kuwonjezera pa single-phase ceramics. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) ili ndi ubwino wotsatira:
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu za ceramic ndi kochepa kwambiri kuposa kwa nickel-based alloy, ndipo chophimbacho n'chosavuta kuchotsa. Kupanga zinthu za ceramic ndi felt yachitsulo yapakatikati kumatha kuthana ndi vuto la kuphulika, komwe ndi komwe kumapangidwira zinthu za chipinda choyaka moto. Zinthuzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mpweya wozizira wa 10% - 20%, ndipo kutentha kwa insulation yachitsulo kumbuyo ndi pafupifupi 800 ℃ yokha, ndipo kutentha kotengera kutentha kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa komwe kumapangidwira kuzizira kosiyanasiyana ndi kuzizira kwa filimu. Matailosi oteteza a Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini ya V2500, ndipo njira yopangira ndikusintha matailosi a B1900 (ndi ceramic coating) ndi SiC-based composite kapena anti-oxidation C/C composite. Ceramic matrix composite ndi chinthu chopangira chipinda choyaka moto chokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa 15-20, ndipo kutentha kwake ndi 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chubu chamoto, khoma loyandama ndi afterburner.
2. Aloyi yotentha kwambiri ya turbine
Tsamba la turbine la injini ya aero ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zomwe zimanyamula kutentha kwambiri komanso malo ogwirira ntchito oipa kwambiri mu injini ya aero. Liyenera kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu komanso kovuta pa kutentha kwakukulu, kotero zofunikira zake ndi zokhwima kwambiri. Ma superalloys a masamba a turbine la injini ya aero amagawidwa m'magulu awa:
a. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa chitsogozo
Chosinthira mpweya ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za injini ya turbine zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Pamene kuyaka kosagwirizana kumachitika m'chipinda choyaka moto, kutentha kwa siteji yoyamba ya vane yotsogolera kumakhala kwakukulu, chomwe ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa vane yotsogolera. Kutentha kwake kwa ntchito kumakhala pafupifupi 100 ℃ kuposa kwa tsamba la turbine. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti zigawo zosasunthika sizikhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yamakina. Nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zosavuta kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwa kutentha, kupotoka, kutopa kwa kutentha komanso kuwotcha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha mwachangu. Chopangira cha vane yotsogolera chiyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: mphamvu yokwanira kutentha kwambiri, kugwira ntchito kosatha komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kutentha, kukana kwambiri okosijeni ndi dzimbiri la kutentha, kukana kutentha ndi kugwedezeka, kuthekera kopindika, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kupanga ndi kusungunula, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino poteteza utoto.
Pakadali pano, mainjini apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha thrust/weight amagwiritsa ntchito masamba opangidwa ndi hollow cast, ndipo ma superalloy olunjika ndi single crystal nickel-based superalloys amasankhidwa. Injini yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha thrust-weight ili ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ ndipo ikufunika kutetezedwa ndi thermal insulation coating. Kutentha kwa ntchito ya blade alloy pansi pa mikhalidwe yozizira ndi yoteteza thanki ndi yoposa 1100 ℃, zomwe zimapangitsa patsogolo zofunikira zatsopano komanso zapamwamba pamtengo wokwera wa kutentha kwa zinthu zotsogolera blade mtsogolo.
b. Ma Superalloy a masamba a turbine
Ma turbine blades ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri zozungulira kutentha za injini za aero. Kutentha kwawo kogwira ntchito ndi 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ pansi pa ma guide blades. Amakhala ndi centrifugal stress yayikulu, kugwedezeka kwa kugwedezeka, kutentha kwa kutentha, kupukuta mpweya ndi zotsatira zina akamazungulira, ndipo mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ndi yoipa. Moyo wautumiki wa zigawo zotentha za injini yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha thrust/weight ndi woposa 2000h. Chifukwa chake, turbine blade alloy iyenera kukhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa kugwedezeka ndi mphamvu yophulika pa kutentha kwa ntchito, zinthu zabwino za kutentha kwapamwamba ndi kwapakati, monga kutopa kwa kayendedwe ka ntchito yayikulu ndi yotsika, kutopa kozizira ndi kutentha, plasticity yokwanira ndi kulimba kwa impact, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi notch; Kukana kwakukulu kwa okosijeni ndi kukana dzimbiri; Kuyendetsa bwino kutentha ndi coefficient yochepa ya linear expansion; Kuchita bwino kwa casting process; Kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka nthawi yayitali, palibe TCP phase precipitation pa kutentha kwa ntchito. Alloy yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imadutsa magawo anayi; Kugwiritsa ntchito alloy yosinthika kumaphatikizapo GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, ndi zina zotero; Kugwiritsa ntchito aloyi wopangidwa ndi chitsulo kumaphatikizapo K403, K417, K418, K405, golide wolimba wolunjika DZ4, DZ22, aloyi wa kristalo imodzi DD3, DD8, PW1484, ndi zina zotero. Pakadali pano, yakula mpaka m'badwo wachitatu wa aloyi wa kristalo imodzi. Aloyi wa kristalo imodzi DD3 ndi DD8 wa ku China amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatana mu ma turbine aku China, injini za turbofan, ma helikopita ndi injini zoyendera sitima.
3. Aloyi yotentha kwambiri ya turbine disk
Disiki ya turbine ndiye gawo lozungulira lozungulira kwambiri la injini ya turbine. Kutentha kwa flange ya wheel flange ya injini ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa thrust cha 8 ndi 10 kufika pa 650 ℃ ndi 750 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa wheel center ndi pafupifupi 300 ℃, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha. Pakuzungulira kwabwinobwino, imayendetsa tsamba kuti lizungulire pa liwiro lalikulu ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya centrifugal, kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kugwedezeka. Kuyamba ndi kuyimitsa kulikonse kumakhala kozungulira, pakati pa wheel. Pakhosi, pansi pa groove ndi rim zonse zimakhala ndi kupsinjika kosiyanasiyana. Alloy imafunika kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yokolola, kulimba kwa kukhudza komanso kusakhala ndi kukhudzidwa kwa notch pa kutentha kwa ntchito; Kuchuluka kochepa kwa kukula kwa mzere; Kukana kwa okosijeni ndi dzimbiri; Kudula bwino.
4. Superalloy ya ndege
Superalloy mu injini ya roketi yamadzimadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu lopangira mafuta la chipinda choyaka mu chipinda chopopera; Turbine pump elbow, flange, graphite rudder fastener, ndi zina zotero. Aloyi yotentha kwambiri mu injini ya roketi yamadzimadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu lopangira mafuta mu chipinda chopopera; Turbine pump elbow, flange, graphite rudder fastener, ndi zina zotero. GH4169 imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira turbine rotor, shaft, shaft sleeve, fastener ndi zina zofunika kwambiri.
Zipangizo zoyendetsera turbine za injini ya rocket yamadzimadzi yaku America zimaphatikizapo chitoliro cholowera, tsamba la turbine ndi diski. GH1131 alloy imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China, ndipo tsamba la turbine limadalira kutentha komwe kumagwira ntchito. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy ndi Mar-M246 ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana; Zipangizo za disc ya mawilo zimaphatikizapo Inconel 718, Waspaloy, ndi zina zotero. Ma turbine a GH4169 ndi GH4141 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo GH2038A imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa shaft ya injini.